Sunday, January 19, 2014

The Ohio Companies of E.J. Young


E.J. Young was born in Loyal Oak, Ohio in 1857. Growing up he had several jobs including school teacher, clerk in an Akron clothing store, laborer at a Wadsworth flour mill and a laborer at a local lumber yard. His big break came when he was hired by the Garfield Injector Company as an engineer.

E.J. Young with his wife and family dog
While working at Garfield, he turned the struggling company around by perfecting the injector valves the company sold. These valves were used by the steam locomotives of the time. In short time Young and other investors bought controlling interest in the company.

The Ohio Injector Company
A new company was formed in 1883 that focused on a larger selection of industrial valves. He named this company The Ohio Injector Company, located in Wadsworth.

Not satisfied with one company, Young invented a machine to mass produce wooden safety matches and incorporated The Ohio Match Company in 1895. This company was also located in Wadsworth.

The Ohio Match Company
You may be wondering at this point what all of this has to do with Wayne County. Well as it turns out E.J. Young wasn't finished forming companies. He had two more to start, and both of those involved Wayne County.

In 1897 Young incorporated the Wayne Salt Company. He wanted to locate the company in Sterling, Ohio. However, the idea was rebuffed by the town citizenry. Eventually, he bought mineral rights to a location in Rittman, Ohio that had close access to both the Erie Railroad and Chippewa Creek. In short time his first well was drilled and struck the huge halite deposit that underlies most of northeastern Ohio. He decided to rename his business the Ohio Salt Company.

The salt extraction process involves injecting clean water into the well and extracting the saline solution out. Then they heat the solution until all of the water is evaporated, leaving salt.

Sliding box for matches
Until that time, Young had been packaging his matches and salt in bulk, and leaving it to the purchaser to parcel them out. He thought it would beneficial to package both of these products in consumer sized containers. So he formed his fourth and final "Ohio" company, Ohio Boxboard Company, in 1903.  Ohio Boxboard Company produced the packaging for both his match company and his salt company. Young is credited with development of the familiar sliding safety match box, as well as the equally familiar cylinder salt box.

All four of Young's companies flourished for many years, but time took it's toll on all but one. Ohio Injector Company was bought out and the Wadsworth plant closed in 1982. Soon after
Ohio Match Company folded in 1987. Ohio Boxboard Company became Packaging Corporation of America, then Caraustar, which closed in 2006. Ohio Salt Company was purchased by Morton Salt in 1948, and remains one of Rittman's major employers.

The buildings that Young built all still stand except one. The old Ohio Boxboard plant began to be demolished in October of 2013, opening the way for some new visionary to step forward with a futuristic and bright idea.

Wednesday, August 14, 2013

Minglewood - A Rapidly Fading Memory of Wooster's Past


Minglewood - A Rapidly Fading Memory of Wooster's Past

I recently made a trip to East South Street to visit a dilapidated old structure that seems well beyond repair and probably become just another of Wooster's vanished landmarks. Minglewood was built in 1921 and served Wooster for over 40 years, first as a source of ice and coal, then in later years as sort of a convenience store. I remember buying beer from here back when I was a teen (3.2, mind you). That would have been in 1971, so it closed some time after that.

I've included excerpts from an article about Minglewood, written by Elinor Taylor, for the Wooster Daily Record, January 6, 1988.

What Memories The Minglewood Had!
by Elinor Taylor

All you "natives" who lived south of Liberty Street in Wooster back in the 1920s surely had a lot of memories flash before your eyes when you read the recent auction sale ad in The Daily Record.

The old Minglewood Coal and Ice Co. building on East South Street is being sold this week because present owners "have no need for the building." Oh, what interesting recollections come to mind — things I haven't thought about in years. But you have to have been a "south-ender" to remember how important Minglewood, built in 1921, was to our lives.

A Minglewood ad from the 1936 Wooster telephone book

Minglewood now is in ruins beside the tracks at the East South Street crossing
 
Elinor goes on to describe the large chunks of ice Minglewood sold in those days and how they were used in icebox refrigerators. The refrigerators had a compartment for the ice and a compartment for the food. As the ice would melt the resulting water would be captured by a pan that needed to be empties. Evidently, this was her father's job and more than once he 'forgot' to empty it, resulting in a flood that needed to be cleaned up. After receiving some motivation from his wife, he solved the problem by drilling a hole in the floor and running a drain hose to the outside. Elinor said, "We had the greenest grass on West Henry Street."

Ice boxes were common in the 19th and early 20th century and required lots of ice and maintenance


In the winter, Minglewood trucks pulled into our driveway a couple of times each fall and winter, loaded to the top with chunks of coal. I remember how specific my parents were in ordering this coal. It had to be a certain kind of coal and a definite size lump.

Elinor describes the home she lived in as a child as have a coal room. The coal room was near the driveway of the home and had a window. The coal truck would pull up close and insert a metal chute in the open window. The operator would then shovel the purchased coal into the coal room through the window. As it turns out, it was Elinor's job to pick up all of the pieces of dropped coal. Perhaps foretelling the future genius that she became, she had a solution to make the job easier, "It was my job to pick up the small chunks of coal which he had dropped and toss them through the window after he left. I pulled a Tom Sawyer on that one. I called all the neighborhood kids in to help and told them it was a game!"

Here is how Elinor describes a trip to Minglewood:

We never went to Minglewood to get our coal, but we often went there to get ice when the original cake had melted and it was still several days until the ice truck hit our neighborhood again. It was a real treat to hop in the old Model A Ford and go to the ice plant over there by the railroad tracks. The man in charge would open a big door to the refrigerated storage rooms and then, ice pick in hand, he would chop off an estimated 50 pounds from a huge "glacier." With his iron tongs he'd set it on the back bumper of the car and we'd race back home before it all melted (Racing in those days probably meant 25 miles an hour, three blocks west and one block south.)

Fringe benefits of those trips were picking up slivers of ice off the dock and chewing them. It's a wonder we didn't all die of the bubonic plague or some equally terminal disease. We snitched ice from the bed of the truck, sometimes even from the street, while the ice-man was going around to the back of the house (It wasn't stealing because the little pieces of ice would have melted in moments anyhow!)

I spoke with my uncle, Joe Beck, and asked if he remembered Minglewood. He got a big smile on his face as he began to reel off some stories. He remembers as a child going to Minglewood and getting shards of ice to suck on as treats on hot summer days. He also validated Elinor Taylor's story about the water bucket over flowing onto the floor. It appears that it was his brother Vin's job to empty it daily, but often failed to do so, making a mess on the floor.

I asked Joe if he remembers heating with coal. He told me that it was a full time job to keep the furnace going and that you needed to know how to 'bank' the coal in the furnace so that it would burn all night, but not burn out. The banking technique was how you stacked the coal in the furnace, and how you set the dampers.

He told me that the house would get very sooty, and every month or so the walls had to be cleaned. To do this they used a product that felt like clay, or Play-Doh, to wipe the walls down.

Coal heat produced soot that got into and onto everything. One way of cleaning the papered walls of the time was to use a cleaner like this which had the consistency of clay or Play-Doh

The wintertime air around Wooster must have been heavy with smoke from thousands of homes, all heating with coal. In 1939, according to Wooster City Directory of that time, there were six other coal dealers, in addition to Minglewood. Gray & Son, Julius Grosjean, George Klinger, Mike Silver & Company, Warren Snyder and Charles Stelzer.

Elinor Taylor continues her article by describing other food items that were delivered to homes in those days, such as fish, meat and bread. I too remember from my very early childhood bread and milk deliveries. We even had a periodic visit from the Jewell Tea man, who had all sorts of wonderful surprises in his little panel truck.

In closing, Elinor writes:

The old Minglewood on summer evenings was a little like Moore's Coffee Shop is today. Everybody was there. Some people drove, some pulled little wagons to get their ice.

I hate to see these parts of Wooster's past go the way of the horse and buggy, but no thanks — I don't want to eat ice from the street; I don't want to have to empty the drain pan and I don't want to shovel coal.

But I do like to remember, don't you?

Wednesday, August 7, 2013

The Courthouses of Wayne County, Ohio

Wayne County was formed August 15, 1796, before Ohio became a state and was part of the Northwest Territory. The area originally covered all of Michigan's lower peninsula, northwestern Ohio, northern Indiana and included some of Lake Michigan's shoreline. Detroit was the county seat and included, what is now, Chicago.

Before Ohio became a state, Wayne County was huge. It's county seat was Detroit.

Wayne County, in its current form, began March 1, 1812. Wooster, which was laid out during the fall of 1808 had already been declared the seat of justice on May 30, 1811. The Court of Common Pleas was held for the first time on August 6, 1812, being conducted in a log cabin built by John Bever.
This log cabin was built around 1820 in Wayne County and rebuilt on the public square in Wooster for the centennial celebration in 1896. The first location of Common Pleas Court may have looked something like it.
Through 1819 court was held at the newly built Baptist church, the county renting the space from the church for the sum of $50 per year.

In 1819, on the site of the current courthouse, the first purpose-built courthouse was constructed by Wooster founding fathers, John Bever, William Henry and John Larwill. It was a three story brick structure, built in the federal style, popular at that time. It had a central bell tower which housed a bell donated by John Bever in 1823.  It housed county offices as well as the local Free Masons. Inside was a gallery, probably for the public to observe court proceedings.

It had a short life as it was destroyed by fire in 1828, before any organized fire fighting organization existed. This happened during a session of court so many records of the time were destroyed with it.
The first Wayne County courthouse, built in 1819,  burned after only nine years of service.
The second courthouse was designed by an architect by the name of 'Mr. McCurdy'. This was most certainly John McCurdy, builder of courthouses in Hancock and Harrison Counties in Ohio, and other counties in Pennsylvania, as well.  The 2nd Wayne County courthouse was completed the spring of 1832 at a cost of $7,200. Atop the bell tower was a spire and two hand-crafted balls, both gilded and bronzed. The largest of the balls was approximately 22 inches in diameter. The smaller of the two was approximately 7 inches in diameter. Both were made by John Babb and gilded by David Barr. Mr. McCurdy paid sixteen dollars (about $240 in 2013 money).

The second Wayne County courthouse can be seen as the dark square building in the center of the photograph, shortly after it was built.
 It became evident that more room was needed for the rapidly expanding government of Wayne County. In 1868, the North Courthouse Annex was completed, giving breathing room to county employees.

The second Wayne County courthouse after the North Courthouse Annex was built in 1868.

This courthouse served the people of Wayne county until 1877, when the deterioration of its timbers and walls forced the county commissioners to condemn it. Court proceedings were moved to the France building on Liberty Street and the process of building a new courthouse was started.

What structure in Wooster better defines the city more than the current courthouse. This building eludes both grace and strength in it's presentation. The design type is known as 'Second Empire'. This type of architecture was popular in the mid to late 1800s because it lent itself well to large masonry projects, typical of a growing government. The architect was the esteemed Thomas Boyd, from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Mr. Boyd served as architect for other similar structures in Pennsylvania and Kentucky, as well as the courthouse in our neighbor to the south, New Philadelphia.

Planning began in February 1878. The sum of $75,000 was allocated for the project, and in October of that year the cornerstone was laid. Since much of the construction was of sandstone, expert itinerant Italian stone craftsmen were summoned to Wooster to aid in the construction. 

Boyd's original design was much larger than the building that was constructed. He had planned a symmetrical building with the clock tower in the center. But local planners bulked at that idea because the Annex was only 10 years old and was still in outstanding condition. So Boyd's design was truncated at the Annex, giving the offset appearance of today structure.

Thomas Boyd's original plan was for a symmetrical structure. That didn't happen because the Annex was still functional, and replacement of it was not financially feasible.
A victim of the budget axe, the Wayne County Courthouse is only half as large as Thomas Boyd intended. But that asymmetry is what makes it uniquely Wayne County, uniquely Wooster. The Annex, as it turns out, is a connection to the past.
Perhaps the most striking feature of the Wayne County Courthouse are the four statues of Atlas (or, telamones, an interesting side note is that Wikipedia uses Wooster's telamones as a photo in their article), which appear to bear the weight of the building on their shoulders. If you search for Wooster on the internet, you will undoubtedly see images of them in your initial search results. Traditional knowledge is that the Italian stone carvers made these magnificent statues. But more recent research has challenged this assumption. It is now argued that the telemones were actually carved by two sculptors, one from Germany and one from Prussia.

The four Atlas statues, known as telamones in architecture, were carved by itinerant artists, and are arguably one of the most symbolic landmarks in Wayne County and Wooster.
 The next time you are downtown, take a moment to appreciate the enduring wonder of the courthouse. Someday, it will meet the fate of it's three predecessors, but let's hope it is not in our time. The Wayne County Courthouse, along with its older sibling, the Annex, is a powerful symbol of Wooster's not-so-distant past. It anchors all of us in the values and ideas of the people that have brought us to this point.






Friday, April 8, 2011

The Adventures of "Old Henry Franks"


From The History of Wayne County, Ben Douglass

"Old Henry" Franks was born in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. He relocated to Chippewa Township in Wayne County, Ohio about 1816 or 1817. He settled a farm just south of Doylestown, the land of which he obtained from the U.S. government. He married Christina Mason, of his native land in Pennsylvania. Together, they had eleven children; six daughters and five sons.

Henry became an quantifiable part of Wayne County history with an event in his early life. According to Douglass, Henry Franks was taken prisoner by Indians along the Ohio River. Being a large, straight and strong specimen, his captors immediately took a fancy to him. He was introduced to the Native American ways, and was eventually "adopted" as an Indian citizen. In the process, he was force to "run the gauntlet", where he was struck repeatedly by his captors, and at the end of which he had to defend his life against the best warrior of the tribe. After dealing a nearly deadly blow to his assailant, Henry became a full-fledged Indian.

As a member of the tribe, Henry witnessed one of the storied incidents of American history. Colonel William Crawford was captured after his assault on Sandusky failed. Although many of his men successfully fled, he stood his ground and was captured. He was singled out as the leader and was tortured for several hours before being burned at the stake, never giving up hope that he would be rescued.

Henry used the distraction of this event to make his attempt to escape his capture. He made his way to the lake (Erie). He found a British vessel and was allowed to board her. He traveled to Montreal, where he disembarked and crossed the border to the U.S. side. Eventually, he made it back to the safe embrace of his family in Fayette County, Pennsylvania.

Some links you may want to look at.

http://www.online-literature.com/william-dean-howells/stories-ohio/9/    (carefully consider any of the links here!)

http://www.crawfordcocpcourt.org/Visit%20the%20Courtroom.htm   (Crawford County, Ohio official report. Use it with all of the other sources to find your truth.)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crawford_%28soldier%29    (I like Wikipedia. I believe there is truth in numbers. Eventually, given enough time, the truth does come out. Of course, the truth about Henry Franks is not a large enough issue to stand the test of time. So it is --- what it is. Being a descendent, I'd like to believe it is true. You decide for yourself.)

Wednesday, March 23, 2011

Aviation Excitement in Rittman



The early days of aviation came slowly to rural Ohio, but on the morning of September 30, 1911, Rittman would be exposed to it in a rather spectacular way.

Calbraith Rogers was a young, somewhat inexperienced pilot, originally from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. At the age of 32, he visited the flight training institute operated by the Wright brothers in Dayton, Ohio. After just 90 minutes of instruction, he soloed for the first time. Rogers became just the 49th person to receive flying credentials from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, and was one of the first private purchasers of a Wright Flyer in the nation.

William Randolph Hearst had sponsored prize money of $50,000 (about $1.2 million in 2011 dollars) for the first person to pilot an airplane coast to coast in the USA. Rogers felt up the the challenge, but needed a sponsor. The Armour Corporation had introduced a new soft drink called Vin Fiz. They offered Rogers $5.00 per mile if he advertised their drink on his flyer. The also agreed to provide a coast-to-coast train that would follow Rogers with support crew, supplies and spare parts. Also included was a special car outfitted with a workshop for making repairs.

Rogers took off from Sheepshead Bay in New York on September 11, 1911 and headed west, following railways all the way, only flying during daylight.

On September 30, Rogers took off from Kent and headed Southwest. Telegraph operators notified cities in his path of the upcoming excitement. Rittman, being in the path, set out to greet the intrepid aviator. According to Linsey Williams in his "Arise Wild Land", "The Wayne County Democrat said the plane "whizzed by at a 40-mile-per hour clip, in some spurts going at better than a mile per minute!".

Rogers refueled in Mansfield and continued his flight, ultimately completing his epic journey at Long Beach, California on November 5, 1911, with more than 20,000 onlookers there to witness the historic event. He had missed the prize money by 19 days, but had accomplished the first transcontinental flight in the USA. first to carry a bag of mail across the country by airplane.

Sadly, on April 3, 1912, scarcely one year after first piloting an airplane, Rogers crashed his flyer into the Pacific Ocean off of Long Beach, California, and died. He had become the first pilot to die as a result of a bird strike.

Tuesday, March 8, 2011

Wooster's Original Tea Party

In 1833, a market trading facility, Wooster's first, was built on the southwest side of the square, under the direction of of Town Council. The building was approximately 75' X 40', one story high, faced with brick, and had ceilings that were arched and plastered. Roof supports were about two feet square and numbered fourteen.

Soon, the citizens began to refer to the market house as a nuisance, publicly naming the "Temple of Mutton and Soup Bones". Many Wooster residents demanded that it be torn down. City Council refused. As a result, at least one attempt was made to burn it down. That attempt failed, but time was waning for the Wooster Market House.

On August 9, 1847, a group of disguised men, said to be among Wooster's "first citizens", gathered at the Wooster Market House, armed with axes, hooks, rope and tackle, and a prize-winning draft horse. The morning light revealed the absolute destruction of the Wooster's dreaded counting house.The market house was gone.

In the aftermath, there was much discourse about mobs, and the effects of mob-rule, and, although the Mayor of the time offered a reward, the vandals remained unpunished. The "Temple of Mutton and Soup Bones" was gone, and Wooster was proud of it.

Sunday, March 6, 2011

Bloody Skirmish in Wayne County

Massacre of Indians In Wooster City

Early settlers in Wayne County generally lived in peace with the native population that existed prior to their arrival. So stories of turf wars between the two cultures are rare. But one incident does not adhere to this generality. The events of the incident occurred within the borders of present-day Wooster, Ohio, and is the only violent confrontation ever documented between settlers and natives in the area.

From their home somewhere near present-day Sandusky, a group of natives headed southeast on a foraging expedition. Their travel brought them to the banks of the Ohio, then to banks of Raccoon Creek, west of Pittsburgh, where they encountered a thriving village of white settlers.

Initially, the visiting natives befriended the villagers. But this turned out to be a ruse. The native visitors were full of hate for white settlers and were seeking to destroy them. When the opportunity arose to safely do so, the natives attacked the villagers, killing five and burning seven dwellings to the ground.

A party of 30 men was immediately assembled to pursue and punish the fleeing natives. Selected to lead this group was Captain George Fulkes. Fulkes had lived in the Raccoon Creek area with his family until, at the age of three, he was kidnapped by natives. He was raised in the ways of the natives and grew to adulthood in their culture, before being restored to his original family when his father "purchased" him from the tribe.

Fulkes in the years following his return to a settlers life had become a fierce indian fighter, and, according to Douglass, had turned the table on local warlike natives. Thus it was fortuitous to select him to lead the party of pursuers.

The Fulkes' party pursuit brought them to the Ohio River, where sometime earlier the fleeing natives had cleverly cut out the bottoms of their canoes and fled on foot. The pursuers quickly crossed the river and began to track the assailants.

Several days later Captain Fulkes and his men arrived at Robison's Hill, just south of Wooster. From this vantage point they observed the campfires of the offending natives. The location of this campfire was at the present-day intersection of South Beaver Street and Madison Avenue.

Cautiously, Fulkes decided to move his men to Rice's Hollow to await the rising of the full moon before instigating his attack plan. Once the time was right, Fulkes sprung his trap.

Fulkes men encircled the native encampment. On Fulkes' command, the men opened fire on the slumbering natives. When the smoke cleared all of the entrapped were dead. Or so it seemed.

A lone native from the group had been assigned the duty of checking game traps, and had escaped the deadly barrage of gunfire. Having heard the report of musketry, the native hurried back to the encampment. Once he neared the camp he shouted in his native dialect, "What's wrong?". Fulkes, having been raised as a native, was able to respond in the native's dialect. "Nothing is wrong, come forward", Fulkes said. With that the lone native moved towards Fulkes' men. An itchy-fingered member of Fulkes' party dispatched the lone native with his rifle. Retribution complete.

A shallow grave was dug at the site of the massacre, and the offending natives were laid to rest. Today, a marker resides as the location believed to be that of the final confrontation of the opposing forces. The burial sight can not be far away.
This historic marker is located at the approximate location of the Native American campsite where Fulkes and his party ended this saga of Wayne County history. The fallen are reportedly buried nearby.

Captain Fulkes eventually lived in Columbiana County, then Richland County, where it is said he died.